APG Patterns

Alert

An element that displays a brief, important message in a way that attracts the user's attention without interrupting the user's task.

Demo

Click the buttons below to show alerts with different variants. The live region container exists in the DOM from page load - only the content changes.

Accessibility Features

Critical Implementation Note

The live region container (role="alert") must exist in the DOM from page load. Do NOT dynamically add/remove the container itself. Only the content inside the container should change dynamically.

// Incorrect: Dynamically adding live region
{showAlert && <div role="alert">Message</div>}

// Correct: Live region always exists, content changes
<div role="alert">
  {message && <span>{message}</span>}
</div>

Screen readers detect changes to live regions by observing DOM mutations inside them. If the live region itself is added dynamically, some screen readers may not announce the content reliably.

WAI-ARIA Roles

Implicit ARIA Properties

The role="alert" implicitly sets the following ARIA properties. You do NOT need to add these manually:

Property Implicit Value Description
aria-live assertive Interrupts screen reader to announce immediately
aria-atomic true Announces entire alert content, not just changed parts

Keyboard Support

Alerts require no keyboard interaction. They are designed to inform users without interrupting their workflow. The alert content is automatically announced by screen readers when it changes.

If the alert includes a dismiss button, the button follows standard button keyboard interaction:

Key Action
Enter Activates the dismiss button
Space Activates the dismiss button

Focus Management

  • Alert must NOT move focus - Alerts are non-modal and should not interrupt user workflow by stealing focus.
  • Alert container is not focusable - The alert element should not have tabindex or receive keyboard focus.
  • Dismiss button is focusable - If present, the dismiss button can be reached via Tab navigation.

Important Guidelines

No Auto-Dismissal

Alerts should NOT disappear automatically. Per WCAG 2.2.3 No Timing (opens in new tab) , users need sufficient time to read content. If auto-dismissal is required:

  • Provide user control to pause/extend the display time
  • Ensure sufficient display duration (minimum 5 seconds + reading time)
  • Consider if the content is truly non-essential

Alert Frequency

Excessive alerts can inhibit usability, especially for users with visual or cognitive disabilities ( WCAG 2.2.4 Interruptions (opens in new tab) ). Use alerts sparingly for truly important messages.

Alert vs Alert Dialog

Use Alert when:

  • The message is informational and doesn't require user action
  • User workflow should NOT be interrupted
  • Focus should remain on the current task

Use Alert Dialog (role="alertdialog") when:

  • The message requires immediate user response
  • User must acknowledge or take action before continuing
  • Focus should move to the dialog (modal behavior)

Note: role="alertdialog" requires focus management and keyboard handling (Escape to close, focus trapping). Only use it when modal interruption is appropriate.

Screen Reader Behavior

  • Immediate announcement - When alert content changes, screen readers interrupt current reading to announce the alert (aria-live="assertive").
  • Full content announced - The entire alert content is read, not just the changed portion (aria-atomic="true").
  • Initial content not announced - Alerts that exist when the page loads are NOT automatically announced. Only dynamic changes trigger announcements.

References

Source Code

Alert.tsx
import { cn } from "@/lib/utils";
import { Info, CircleCheck, AlertTriangle, OctagonAlert, X } from "lucide-react";
import { useId, type ReactNode } from "react";
import { type AlertVariant, variantStyles } from "./alert-config";

export type { AlertVariant };

export interface AlertProps
  extends Omit<React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>, "role" | "children"> {
  /**
   * Alert message content.
   * Changes to this prop trigger screen reader announcements.
   */
  message?: string;
  /**
   * Optional children for complex content.
   * Use message prop for simple text alerts.
   */
  children?: ReactNode;
  /**
   * Alert variant for visual styling.
   * Does NOT affect ARIA - all variants use role="alert"
   */
  variant?: AlertVariant;
  /**
   * Custom ID for the alert container.
   * Useful for SSR/hydration consistency.
   */
  id?: string;
  /**
   * Whether to show dismiss button.
   * Note: Manual dismiss only - NO auto-dismiss per WCAG 2.2.3
   */
  dismissible?: boolean;
  /**
   * Callback when alert is dismissed.
   * Should clear the message to hide the alert content.
   */
  onDismiss?: () => void;
}

const variantIcons: Record<AlertVariant, React.ReactNode> = {
  info: <Info className="size-5" />,
  success: <CircleCheck className="size-5" />,
  warning: <AlertTriangle className="size-5" />,
  error: <OctagonAlert className="size-5" />,
};

/**
 * Alert component following WAI-ARIA APG Alert Pattern
 *
 * IMPORTANT: The live region container (role="alert") is always present in the DOM.
 * Only the content inside changes dynamically - NOT the container itself.
 * This ensures screen readers properly announce alert messages.
 *
 * @see https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/patterns/alert/
 */
export const Alert: React.FC<AlertProps> = ({
  message,
  children,
  variant = "info",
  id: providedId,
  className,
  dismissible = false,
  onDismiss,
  ...restProps
}) => {
  const generatedId = useId();
  const alertId = providedId ?? `alert-${generatedId}`;

  const content = message || children;
  const hasContent = Boolean(content);

  return (
    <div
      className={cn(
        "apg-alert",
        hasContent && [
          "relative flex items-start gap-3 px-4 py-3 rounded-lg border",
          "transition-colors duration-150",
          variantStyles[variant],
        ],
        !hasContent && "contents",
        className
      )}
      {...restProps}
    >
      {/* Live region - contains only content for screen reader announcement */}
      <div
        id={alertId}
        role="alert"
        className={cn(
          hasContent && "flex-1 flex items-start gap-3",
          !hasContent && "contents"
        )}
      >
        {hasContent && (
          <>
            <span className="apg-alert-icon flex-shrink-0 mt-0.5" aria-hidden="true">
              {variantIcons[variant]}
            </span>
            <span className="apg-alert-content flex-1">{content}</span>
          </>
        )}
      </div>
      {/* Dismiss button - outside live region to avoid SR announcing it as part of alert */}
      {hasContent && dismissible && (
        <button
          type="button"
          className={cn(
            "apg-alert-dismiss",
            "flex-shrink-0 min-w-11 min-h-11 p-2 -m-2 rounded",
            "flex items-center justify-center",
            "hover:bg-black/10 dark:hover:bg-white/10",
            "focus:outline-none focus:ring-2 focus:ring-offset-2 focus:ring-current"
          )}
          onClick={onDismiss}
          aria-label="Dismiss alert"
        >
          <X className="size-5" aria-hidden="true" />
        </button>
      )}
    </div>
  );
};

export default Alert;

Usage

Example
import { useState } from 'react';
import { Alert } from './Alert';

function App() {
  const [message, setMessage] = useState('');

  return (
    <div>
      {/* IMPORTANT: Alert container is always in DOM */}
      <Alert
        message={message}
        variant="info"
        dismissible
        onDismiss={() => setMessage('')}
      />

      <button onClick={() => setMessage('Operation completed!')}>
        Show Alert
      </button>
    </div>
  );
}

API

Prop Type Default Description
message string - Alert message content
children ReactNode - Complex content (alternative to message)
variant 'info' | 'success' | 'warning' | 'error' 'info' Visual style variant
dismissible boolean false Show dismiss button
onDismiss () => void - Callback when dismissed
id string auto-generated Custom ID for SSR
className string - Additional CSS classes

Testing

Testing Overview

The Alert component tests focus on verifying correct live region behavior and APG compliance. The most critical test is ensuring the alert container remains in the DOM when content changes.

Test Categories

High Priority: APG Core Compliance

Test APG Requirement
role="alert" exists Alert container must have alert role
Container always in DOM Live region must not be dynamically added/removed
Same container on message change Container element identity preserved during updates
Focus unchanged after alert Alert must not move keyboard focus
Alert not focusable Alert container must not have tabindex

Medium Priority: Accessibility Validation

Test WCAG Requirement
No axe violations (with message) WCAG 2.1 AA compliance
No axe violations (empty) WCAG 2.1 AA compliance
No axe violations (dismissible) WCAG 2.1 AA compliance
Dismiss button accessible name Button has aria-label
Dismiss button type="button" Prevents form submission

Low Priority: Props & Extensibility

Test Feature
variant prop changes styling Visual customization
id prop sets custom ID SSR support
className inheritance Style customization
children for complex content Content flexibility
onDismiss callback fires Event handling

Screen Reader Testing

Automated tests verify DOM structure, but manual testing with screen readers is essential for validating actual announcement behavior:

Screen Reader Platform
VoiceOver macOS / iOS
NVDA Windows
JAWS Windows
TalkBack Android

Verify that message changes trigger immediate announcement and that existing content on page load is NOT announced.

Running Tests

# Run all Alert tests
npm run test -- alert

# Run tests for specific framework
npm run test -- Alert.test.tsx    # React
npm run test -- Alert.test.vue    # Vue
npm run test -- Alert.test.svelte # Svelte
Alert.test.tsx
import { render, screen } from "@testing-library/react";
import userEvent from "@testing-library/user-event";
import { axe } from "jest-axe";
import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
import { Alert } from "./Alert";

describe("Alert", () => {
  // High Priority: APG Core Compliance
  describe("APG: ARIA 属性", () => {
    it('role="alert" を持つ', () => {
      render(<Alert message="Test message" />);
      expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).toBeInTheDocument();
    });

    it("メッセージがなくても role=alert コンテナは DOM に存在する", () => {
      render(<Alert />);
      expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).toBeInTheDocument();
    });

    it("メッセージ変更時もコンテナは同じ要素のまま", () => {
      const { rerender } = render(<Alert message="First message" />);
      const alertElement = screen.getByRole("alert");
      const alertId = alertElement.id;

      rerender(<Alert message="Second message" />);
      expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).toHaveAttribute("id", alertId);
      expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).toHaveTextContent("Second message");
    });

    it("メッセージがクリアされてもコンテナは残る", () => {
      const { rerender } = render(<Alert message="Test message" />);
      expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).toHaveTextContent("Test message");

      rerender(<Alert message="" />);
      expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).toBeInTheDocument();
      expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).not.toHaveTextContent("Test message");
    });
  });

  describe("APG: フォーカス管理", () => {
    it("アラート表示時にフォーカスを移動しない", async () => {
      const user = userEvent.setup();
      render(
        <>
          <button>Other button</button>
          <Alert message="Test message" />
        </>
      );

      const button = screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Other button" });
      await user.click(button);
      expect(button).toHaveFocus();

      // アラートが表示されてもフォーカスは移動しない
      expect(button).toHaveFocus();
    });

    it("アラート自体はフォーカスを受け取らない(tabindex なし)", () => {
      render(<Alert message="Test message" />);
      expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).not.toHaveAttribute("tabindex");
    });
  });

  describe("Dismiss 機能", () => {
    it("dismissible=true で閉じるボタンが表示される", () => {
      render(<Alert message="Test message" dismissible />);
      expect(
        screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Dismiss alert" })
      ).toBeInTheDocument();
    });

    it("dismissible=false(デフォルト)で閉じるボタンが表示されない", () => {
      render(<Alert message="Test message" />);
      expect(
        screen.queryByRole("button", { name: "Dismiss alert" })
      ).not.toBeInTheDocument();
    });

    it("閉じるボタンクリックで onDismiss が呼び出される", async () => {
      const handleDismiss = vi.fn();
      const user = userEvent.setup();
      render(
        <Alert message="Test message" dismissible onDismiss={handleDismiss} />
      );

      await user.click(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Dismiss alert" }));
      expect(handleDismiss).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
    });

    it("閉じるボタンは type=button を持つ", () => {
      render(<Alert message="Test message" dismissible />);
      expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Dismiss alert" })).toHaveAttribute(
        "type",
        "button"
      );
    });

    it("閉じるボタンに aria-label がある", () => {
      render(<Alert message="Test message" dismissible />);
      expect(screen.getByRole("button", { name: "Dismiss alert" })).toHaveAccessibleName(
        "Dismiss alert"
      );
    });
  });

  // Medium Priority: Accessibility Validation
  describe("アクセシビリティ", () => {
    it("axe による WCAG 2.1 AA 違反がない(メッセージあり)", async () => {
      const { container } = render(<Alert message="Test message" />);
      const results = await axe(container);
      expect(results).toHaveNoViolations();
    });

    it("axe による WCAG 2.1 AA 違反がない(メッセージなし)", async () => {
      const { container } = render(<Alert />);
      const results = await axe(container);
      expect(results).toHaveNoViolations();
    });

    it("axe による WCAG 2.1 AA 違反がない(dismissible)", async () => {
      const { container } = render(
        <Alert message="Test message" dismissible onDismiss={() => {}} />
      );
      const results = await axe(container);
      expect(results).toHaveNoViolations();
    });
  });

  describe("Variant スタイル", () => {
    it.each(["info", "success", "warning", "error"] as const)(
      "variant=%s で適切なスタイルクラスが適用される",
      (variant) => {
        render(<Alert message="Test message" variant={variant} />);
        const alert = screen.getByRole("alert");
        // apg-alert class is on the parent wrapper, not on role="alert"
        const wrapper = alert.parentElement;
        expect(wrapper).toHaveClass("apg-alert");
      }
    );

    it("デフォルトの variant は info", () => {
      render(<Alert message="Test message" />);
      const alert = screen.getByRole("alert");
      // info variant のスタイルが親ラッパーに適用されている
      const wrapper = alert.parentElement;
      expect(wrapper).toHaveClass("bg-blue-50");
    });
  });

  // Low Priority: Props & Extensibility
  describe("Props", () => {
    it("id prop でカスタム ID を設定できる", () => {
      render(<Alert message="Test message" id="custom-alert-id" />);
      expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).toHaveAttribute("id", "custom-alert-id");
    });

    it("className が正しくマージされる", () => {
      render(<Alert message="Test message" className="custom-class" />);
      const alert = screen.getByRole("alert");
      // className は親ラッパーに適用される
      const wrapper = alert.parentElement;
      expect(wrapper).toHaveClass("apg-alert");
      expect(wrapper).toHaveClass("custom-class");
    });

    it("children で複雑なコンテンツを渡せる", () => {
      render(
        <Alert>
          <strong>Important:</strong> This is a message
        </Alert>
      );
      expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).toHaveTextContent(
        "Important: This is a message"
      );
    });

    it("message と children 両方ある場合は message が優先される", () => {
      render(
        <Alert message="Message prop">
          <span>Children content</span>
        </Alert>
      );
      expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).toHaveTextContent("Message prop");
      expect(screen.getByRole("alert")).not.toHaveTextContent("Children content");
    });
  });

  describe("HTML 属性継承", () => {
    it("追加の HTML 属性が渡せる", () => {
      render(<Alert message="Test" data-testid="custom-alert" />);
      expect(screen.getByTestId("custom-alert")).toBeInTheDocument();
    });
  });
});

Resources